1. It came as no surprise that the mobile industry is very wary of those two behemoths of the Internet world, Apple and Google. The Iphone and Android came up so many times during the conference that it almost felt like they have achieved a secret cult status in the handset industry, where they are eyed with suspicion in public forums but are worshipped behind closed doors. The irony is that neither Apple or Google were are this conference, which was supposed to be a forum for the mobile handset industry to come together and discuss future directions.

2. Ed Candy from Hutchison 3G brought up an interesting point during one of the panel discussions where he mentioned that from a user interface/usability perspective we might be moving from a digital, 0 and 1, click here click there scenario to more of an analog, multiple inputs, drag, touch, pinch, rotate interface. Yes, the Iphone has changed things allowing people to touch, drag, pinch the interface, something that you could never even have dreamed off on a Blackberry or Nokia N95. So in essence the machinery under the interface works on digital but the interface itself has an analog feel. I found that to be a fascinating insight!

3. Another insight from a user interface design perspective was that, most handset makers have had engineers write the code for the phones, and then fit a user interface around that code. The problem is that you get the typical menu driven, hierarchical, 'right click and choose' type of usability. As a coder myself, I realize that this is how a machine would perform a task and so the coder starts thinking like a computer and the end result is that we have an interface that a robot would easily understand. We humans are not robots, we do not think like computers, there is logic, but at the same time there is an analog element to it, there is a tactile, almost emotional element attached to that. I am sorry to bring this up again but the IPhone has moved in the right direction, allowing for humans to use the machine as they would use a book for example. They like to fold, touch, pinch and immerse themselves in the content (for that matter check out Bumptop). Apple has designers calling the shots and then writing the code to fit the interface, not the other way around. As I myself am fascinated by design and architecture, my wife and brother both being designers, there has always been a constant battle about how we approach and perceive things differently. I thought the analog/digital example and engineers thinking like machines and not the other way round, was really a brainwave for me. BTW the problem that many of us are now facing is that here is a human adapted interface on the Iphone that lets us explore, have fun and play around, but we are just so used to the Blackberry, Nokia, rigid way of accessing things. This could be one of the reasons why there is anxiety and frustration with some of the Iphone users not being able to use the touch keypad.

4. I am not trying to trash Nokia here. In fact there were some very interesting views presented by Ari Jaaksi from Nokia at the keynote. He said that there is a growing need to involve consumers in the design of their devices. He gave the example of their Nokia 810i WiMAX tablet which has been sort of an experiment with them going open source (not on the OS but on the applications) and involving focus groups for building the user interface. He was very equivocal in stating that in order to keep up (would love to use the word survive..but then its Nokia!) in this rapidly changing industry, the OEMs should go to the open source community themselves, in other words approach them and work with them, rather than create their own versions of these applications.

5. The open source platform debate was indeed a big part of the conference with the guys from Symbian trying to hold fort against the rest of the open source crowd. There was a very interesting comment from Andreas Constantinou from Vision Mobile who said that "Android is a singularity in the way platforms are built!". As I have been quoted on ZDNet, I will reiterate that fragmentation is a good thing for the mobile industry as it drives innovation. The industry may not like it, but we need a breath of fresh air, new thinking, new innovation. I don't care who brings about this change. But at the moment it looks like outsiders like Google and Android are definitely causing a stir.

6. There were some fascinating new companies out there who should be mentioned.

-The first is Modu from Israel that many of you might have heard about. They have separated the phone itself from the function that it provides. They essentially provide multiple jackets for a phone adapting to different lifestyles. Its similar to the phone covers that became popular and still are with the younger generation. However, they have taken that concept and expanded it so that the basic phone could fit into any jacket form factor like an mp3 player, alarm clock, car stereo etc. Nevertheless I asked a question on whether they could add WiFi, LTE radios onto the jackets instead of going through the long 9-18 month design cycle. I asked this mainly from a SDR perspective as I am interested in the reconfigurability of handsets, both the radio and the baseband. The answer that I got was yes they can do it on the jacket and in fact have a WiFi jacket. I am not sure if they can do LTE, as that would require major changes to the baseband. In any case the concept of separating the functionality from the phone hardware itself is quite unique. I thought it is a step in the right direction for SDR as that separates the underlying software (not application software) from the hardware.

- The other is Emporia from Austria who have launched a phone for 60 year olds. They sell the concept of a simplistic phone, with a stylish design but easy to use and handle. They have already sold 250,000 phones which I think is an achievement for a family run company. It also has a red button for emergencies that automatically turns the speaker phone on and calls pre-stored numbers which could be the hospital or family. Brilliant.

- The last company that I will mention is Vuzix, who make wearable displays. They were showcasing their new line of eyewear that looks just like a piece of normal shades but can be connected to your phone. They demoed an N95 playing Spiderman 3 connected to their product. Unfortunately I could not try it on, but it definitely looked like something that has innumerable applications from connecting to Ipods, Sony PSPs, Xbox, mobile phones etc. I have written earlier about Microvision and their display technology. But I think where all this is ultimately going is having a display that fits into your contact lens. I recently saw a prototype version of this on the BBC program Click. Watch this space is what I recommend.

Pm36 pacific about to depart on a Wolsztyn-Leszno turn
(photo by Charles Turner, more words and pics here)

In view of the current crisis at Wolsztyn following the sudden 'suspension' of the Wolsztyn-Poznan steam workings, we hope that BTWT readers will forgive us if this week's articles have a heavy Wolsztyn bias. The continuation of scheduled steam workings at Wolsztyn is important for a number of reasons:

• Wolsztyn is the last steam shed in Europe servicing steam locomotives that haul ordinary scheduled service trains (not steam 'specials' or heritage railway trains).
• This brings a large number of visitors to Wolsztyn who spend their money in the town. (The Mayor of Wolsztyn has claimed that each Wolsztyn Experience visitor spends 1,000 euro in Wolsztyn and that excludes any payments to WE. If one adds the expenditure of all those who come to the Wolsztyn region to photograph and ride on the trains the direct economic benefit of the WE product on the local economy is in the order of 500,000 euro per annum.
• Howards Jones has an agreement with PKP which was supposed to allow him to run the WE business on its current scale at least until 2010. The premature withdrawal by PKP of 2/3 of all steam workings at a time when WE has paid bookings to fulfill, coupled with other recent arbitrary decisions (see previous post) will give little confidence to international tour operators or others contemplating doing business with PKP.
• Finally, although WE visitors traditionally flew into Poznan, went to Wolsztyn, did their driving and firing turns, and then returned to Poznan and flew out again, there is no reason why Wolsztyn could not act as an international portal for the Polish heritage railways and museums as a whole. Wolsztyn is known and respected internationally, many Polish heritage railways are virtually unknown beyond a couple of hundred Polish railway enthusiasts. Properly managed the potential for mutual synergy is enormous.

Until we finish our investigation into who is responsible for the sudden suspension of the steam workings to Poznan we are not asking our readers to put pen to paper, just yet. In the meantime we have 'borrowed' this brilliant account of a WE customers 'first time' from the national-preservation.com discussion group.

Sunday I arrived at Poznan airport and got a bus to the station. On the bus I met a SDR driver and a Swanage fireman who were out there for their annual trip. We quickly bonded over a beer and a sausage and before long it was time for the journey to Wolsztyn. We were on the 15.30 which is steam hauled so I got a look at the standard machine for the week, a Polish 0l49. The journey took about 1hr 45 and was a trip I was booked to do three times that week as driver so I concentrated on trying to familiarise myself with the line, difficult when there is 45 miles to remember! Once there we had a look round the beautiful depot and at the lines of withdrawn engines. It was then to the WE’s house where we were briefed for the weeks activities. I was introduced to my partner for the week and was given my duty for the next day, the 11:47 from Wolsztyn. There were seven other people there that week and we all went for a meal and got to know each other, and got thoroughly bitten by the local mozzies.

There are two Woltsztyn – Poznan trips each day, the earlybird (05:27 – 07:15 and 09:30 – 11:17 return) and the gentleman's (11:47 – 13.30 and 15:30 – 17:15 return.) I was down to work the gentleman's train. The system is that one guy drives one way while the other fires, and then vice-versa. I had done some firing in the UK but no driving bar a “driver for a fiver” at the Bluebell, so it was with some trepidation that I climbed into the cab of the 2-6-2 OL, essentially the Polish black 5, a mixed traffic engine that does a bit of everything. Howard Jones gave me a basic introduction to the cab and a guide to the three signs I had to learn, (whistle boards for the unprotected level crossings, the station warning boards 400m from the stations and the stop points at the stations) and then drove the train out of the station. After a mile or so he got up and pointed at me, and I took control of a loco, at 50 mph with passengers on board! The first stop was nerve-racking but once I had done my first stop I soon felt comfortable with the braking. There are 18 stops along the line, although the polish crews usually take over for the last two stops under the wires on the approach to Poznan. The starts have to be brisk, as the steam locos are operating to electric and diesel timings, so you are actively encouraged to “get on with it” and it is a pleasure to do so! We arrived at Poznan and I think my smile could probably have been seen from space! You have to option of going for lunch or going to the depot with the crew. Being a nosy I went down to the MPD to see what happened. The loco was turned and I then watered the loco while the crew oiled up and cooked some sausages. The firing on the way back was what I was most nervous about, but the Ol is a joy to fire. A firing plate at a perfect height and a large firehole door make it a very simple operation. Apart from a few instances where I was mid-swing when the loco hit a bit of rough track, it went quite well and I grew in confidence. We returned to shed after the run back and cleaned the wheels and motion while the crew coaled and watered the loco. We returned to the house to be told our turn for Tuesday, the Prairie at Wroclaw!

A 04:00 wake up saw us leave the house at 04:15, get a train from Leszno and at some ungodly hour arrive in Wroclaw, in time for a quick Big Mac before making our 07:30 departure. We wondered along the platform and there was 5521, a picture of polished Brunswick green, its airpump echoing through the station. The crew were English, from the Flour Mill and a polish driver was there as pilotman/translator. The cab is only big enough for four so one rides in the carriages while the other drives. I opted to catch some shut eye, so I slept for the first journey while my partner drove. The journey is about 20-25 miles and takes about 45 mins, the last 5 miles of track are awful and are covered at just above walking speed, but the first section is along a proper mainline with Intercitys and freights passing you! The middle section is through some beautiful countryside with some lovely gradients and curves. The prairie uses about 1100 gal of its 1300 gal capacity on the trip so after the run we returned to the depot for water, and sausages for the crews (Polish railwaymen exist on a sausage only diet.) Then it was my turn and what a joy the prairie is. Driving, you instantly noticed how responsive the regulator is, compared with the Polish locos. The Prairie's acceleration is truly impressive and it really flies. You have to be smart about starting away as there could be an Intercity two minutes behind you. The English crew, Geoff and Dougie Phelps, were brilliant and I cannot thank them enough. I even managed to avoid slipping on the station on a heavy gradient where apparently everyone slips, so again my smile was a mile wide! Coming back into Wroclaw, the fairly extended use of the two-tone whistle saw the entire station turn and stare! A quick drink from a hydrant saw the Prairie ready for the final trip. There are three round trips, so you drive on three journeys, or one and a half round trips. An excellent day, on an excellent engine, whose appearance and quality are a true testament to the skill and quality of the Flour Mill boys. After driving a Prairie at 60mph, preserved lines in England don’t half seem slow!

Thursday we decided to have a play at Smeigel, the narrow gauge line. The track is awful, but the crew were brilliant and the loco is delightful, so I would urge anyone who goes to visit Smeigel, even if you are not a NG person. The station, station bar, loco, location and attractive guard all make it worthwhile. The run is quite short, and the pace is very sedate, but the state of the track make it quite trilling! You do a roundtrip each and one participant got off and declined to drive back as the state of the track scared him so much!

On Friday we made up for our half turn on the Wednesday by arriving on shed for our gentleman's turn again to find not to find the expected Ol, but Pm36, a bright green pacific. Wow, what an experience that was. It was raining and I watched with horror as the Polish crew slipped and slid out of the depot to the station. The cab seemed massive, the boiler was gargantuan, everything seemed preposterously large. The Polish driver, slipped heavily out of the station as the blood continued to drain from my face. The run was difficult. The regulator was stiff, the air brakes didn’t always release properly and on 80% of starts it was a case of constant regulator changes to control slips (although the handle was damn near impossible to move.) Coming back was equally torturous as the rain was now heavy making the light footed beast near impossible for Tim, my buddy for the week, or the polish crews to control. The size of the cab means when you fire, its about quarter of a mile from firing plate to firehole door. As a relative novice the size of the firebox seemed unbelievable. No matter how much I fired, or how quickly, the grate never seemed completely covered. I got back to shed, happy I’d driven a pacific on the mainline but also tired, filthy and aching, and also acutely aware that, while it had been exhilarating, I’d rather have Ol49 69 any day!

Saturday, we bought an extra turn as I wanted one last bash with an Ol49 and I drove back from Poznan with a little extra gusto, knowing it would be a while before I could experience the sheer thrill of being given a loco and told to “GO!”

Sunday, I got the steamer to Poznan before catching a flight home. I resisted the urge to stand by the cockpit door to see if the pilot would let me fly or at least do the landing at Luton.

All in all, I met a really lovely group of people both the English participants and polish crews, got bitten all over by mosquitoes, ate my body weight in sausages, and had a couple of ice cold Tyskie-s and Zwyiec-s in the beautiful weather we had for most of the week. I have fallen asleep nearly every night since to the sound in my head of a Polish engineman shouting “Brake, BRAKE!, Go, Whistle.”

The above has been lightly edited. You'll find the original article by KHARDS here.

SDR acts as an opportunity and a threat to all elements of your value chain, however with the opportunity to offer improved 'time-to-market', the benefits become clear immediately. "SDR: Disrupting your value chain and business model", the brand new report from It will help you identify the risks and benefits associated with implementing SDR.

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By ordering this report you will learn how SDR can help your industry evolve from a collection of fragmented, disassociated networks into a single, integrated wireless network.

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It was recording photos and videos, but the picture was at a fixed focus, and moving the thumb-tab to zoom in and out was completely unresponsive.

Tried a lot of things. Discharging the battery, reseting the camcorder, but nothing worked. The Panasonic website was collosally unhelpful (no support section, apparently nobody has any problems with this product, moreover the H21 model is not listed on their site). I talked to the family friend and we ran through the checklist again, but to no avail. Then, just as a joking aside, he suggested that I shake the camera. I did just that - shaking it from one end to another. Unexpectedly, the camcorder powered itself off.

I had to disconnect the battery to reset it, but when it did come back on, it was working fine!

Detailed notes:

• After the first test run, when it worked fine, the battery was removed and left on the charger. After the green light went off, I plugged it back in and switched on the camera. The lens cover was not taken off and I tried moving the dials through the modes, but it didn't switch from the video display mode. When it came onto the photo record mode, it still displayed the video display mode.
• The camcorder was complaining a lot that it needed to reset itself when I was switching modes - which I did, but that didn't help.

Please let me introduce you to E-Verge, the company behind a global communication service that enables you to phone anyone, anywhere in the world far cheaper than anything you have heard about.

The reason why this is possible is because the e-verge mobile telephones receive and send signals via satellites which are orbiting in Deep Space. These satellites have been launched into deep space (Stratosphere) using converted Concord airplanes which can fly up to 60,000feet. The satellites we are familiar with are in deep space, outside our atmosphere.

This new satellite technology produces extremely powerful signals that can penetrate concrete many meters thick to an e-verge phone anywhere in the world.

I get so frustrated when I cannot receive or send messages from inside my own home which is in a built-up metropolitan area. In addition to these irritating “black spots” consider also the hundreds of thousands of households cannot get access to broadband because they are not in the “right” areas! (coming soon)

E-Verge have the answer to this. They supply a mobile phone with the following distinct advantages:

• You can call anyone, anywhere in the world from your very own satellite mobile phone.
• Due to satellite linkage, there are no “black” spots!
• The phones have GPS and therefore will pick up Satellites and VOIP
• The phones have AVA (Automated Virtual Assistant) which is voice activated and will send emails, texts etc from your phone
• FREE phone on a 2-year plan
• As low as US$49.95/month
• Unlimited, Untimed talk on your mobile to 149 countries
• Use your phone ANYWHERE in the world (travel in remote areas, cruises, overseas travel etc.)
• For US$70 per year connect Voip to your computer & call any Land line or Mobile in the world, untimed & unlimited amout of calls for that year.

Pause for a moment and click onto the following link to listen to an audio presentation of how AVA works using the e-verge mobile phone. (You will be really impressed with this brief audio presentation – click onto the left ‘play’ arrow when the link opens)

http://playaudiomessage.com/play.asp?m=471259&f=ZQKPDA&PS=14&c=FFFFFF&PM=2&h=29

Please note that this is an explanation of the AVA service only. You can use the dial-up features on the phone as normal if you wish. This simply demonstrates the impressive technology owned by e-verge.

As you can already see, the market for what we have is HUGE! This technology is the future for LANDLINE and MOBILE phones and e-Verge has the technology that NO-ONE else has. It’s patented and they OWN it.

We are in fact on the ground floor of this breakthrough technology.

The fact that the company is public and ALL of us have an opportunity to share in the equity of the company is really exciting.

When you register as an e-verge associate you are automatically placed in a 3 x 9 FORCED Matrix. This compensation plan is unique in that it compresses VERTICALLY and HORIZONTALLY. This assures you the opportunity to fill the matrix – That’s BIG.

I strongly encourage you to take YOUR FIRST STEP right away and Join now. Simply go to my website link:

www.e-verge.com/unlimited4u

When you open this link, please go straight to the far right link marked “Join Now” located in the orange band near the top and click on the link. This will take you to a page for registering your level of business interest. Please select from one of the three options: “Good”, “Better” and “Best”. A brief review of the attached compensation plan may help you to decide which one to select.

I have personally selected the “Best” option as this provides me to full access of all the benefits as well as immediate payment for all activity to 9 levels. This is really important to consider because we are still in pre-launch. We expect well over 100,000 people to join within the first six months from launch. This will have an incredible impact on your earnings. This is what I call “calculated” speculation with hardly any risk given the timing of your registration.

The “Good” option places you in both the worldwide and Australian matrix, however you only get paid on the Australian matrix. If you join at the “Best” level you get paid from both the Australian and Worldwide matrixes.

As soon as you complete the registration details and pay for your selected account option you will receive your very own replicated website. The I.D for your website will be:

www.e-verge.net/yourusername . You can then if you wish cut and paste this email to your friends to introduce them to this great opportunity.

What you have done so far is to register as an e-verge associate. You will receive regular updates regarding the availability of your phone and instructions on how to register for the phone plan.

The most important step right now is to place yourself in a commanding position in the matrix – this will deliver substantial returns.

Can you imagine how simple it will be to refer new members? Can you think of anyone who would not want to have this phone? The more people you refer, the higher your income will be! What a great home-based business opportunity this will be! Everyone has to communicate. Let it be with E-Verge.

Stratos Koutzoukis

www.e-verge.net/unlimited4u

telerevolution@gmail.com

My honest opinion to you, is to “join me” in changing the way we communicate & to change the way we live!

1. Its the phone stupid! -  It seems that just having a 3G network is not enough to drive people to spend on mobile Internet. Iphone has proven that the user interface/browser is equally important. Its a rude awakening for the mobile industry. The Iphone has been able to prove it can be done with a slower network. I have always been a firm believer that better design can change a lot of the worlds problems. As TEDster Chris Anderson recently told Al Gore, better design of the voting stubs might have led to a different world, maybe cooler, instead of warmer :)

2. Mobile broadband dongles - As Dean Bubley's recent post suggests its the mobile broadband dongles that are actually driving demand. I agree they are literally flying off the shelves. Recent analysis on the growth of mobile broadband suggests that people are buying dongles in addition to their 'all you can eat' data plan. I personally use a dongle when I am on the move, sometime even at home when my wireless router starts behaving erratically, and I think it is almost there in terms of speeds that would rival ADSL.

3. Unlimited data plans - This somehow reminds me of the old Internet world when we were restricted to dialing into PPP networks only at night and were restricted on the amount of data transfer. The shackles have been literally removed in the mobile world..well almost.

4. The Mobile Generation - We are literally breeding a generation of mobile yuppies. I would categorize anyone between the ages of 10 and 25 as being in this generation. They have grown up on mobile phones . For them it is a fact of life, a necessity, just like we grew up with a TV, a fridge, a car. They don't know life without it. On the other hand, they have a social circle that extends beyond their own neighbourhood...they have an online social network. They crave videos, games, pictures, music and would like to have all that on their phone. In essence as all of the above is nowadays being driven over the Internet, the option to have their phone as an access device is a must have accessory.

5. The Blackberry (and the Crackberries) - I make special mention of this even though it might not be driving data traffic. The idea of a Blackberry drives the notion of an ubiquitous office, and so if you can check email, you can also browse the Internet and Blackberry's are getting smarter at doing that. Email these days is being increasingly delivered to the phone, rather than to the PC/Laptop. This leads to a huge mindset change allowing to people getting away from their stationary desks.

 6. And finally Web 2.0 - Whatever that means, to me it spells a new breed of applications, the ability to watch full episodes on the Internet, online social networking, Skype, Kayak, AJAX websites, Blogs, Wikipedia, Flickr, YouTube, Linkedin, Hulu, Twitter, Google Maps...in general Web 2.0 is transforming the way we live and operate...and a lot of that then translates onto our mobile phone..we want to be connected to all of the exciting Web 2.0 stuff being thrown at us everyday..

Since the beginning of radio itself, signals arrived at antennas and were processed by bits of hardware so that the information they carried could be understood by human beings. A century ago, the hardware amounted to little more than crystals and coils of wire. Vacuum tubes followed, which were eventually superceded by transistors and integrated circuits. Regardless of the design, the common element of every radio was hardware—a technology locked into place and difficult to change.

 
"Today’s amateurs have entered a new era. They’ve surpassed many of the limitations of hardware by using software instead. They’re still sending and receiving signals, but now they’re using computers to create “virtual” radios that can change in an instant, operating with any type of signal at the click of a mouse button. This incredible technology is known as Software Defined Radio and it promises a future that those early experimenters would never have dreamed possible."   –Steve Ford, WB8IMY

 
Many promising amateur radio developments have now begun under the general topic heading of software defined radio. In the last six months, most of these promising developments have begun to be delivered to radio amateurs’ shacks. We are going to see a new transceiver from Flex Radio. HPSDR has begun to deliver software and hardware to its followers through the efforts TAPR with aid from AMSAT. Linrad has begun a serious experiment in delivery of highly capable network based, distributed software defined radio systems. uwSDR has delivered functional software and though its hardware efforts for VHF, UHF, and above are still under development, the early results show great promise. GnuRadio continues to move forward. Ettus Research, Inc. is close to delivering its first articles of the USRP2. A functional OFDM modem has now been implemented in GnuRadio and development on it continues with great promise for future amateur radio use. Radio manufacturers outside of Flex Radio have begun to pay attention to some of its developments and are now shifting their marketing to include claims of being software defined radio and many are now showing live, very sensitive panadapters of the type pioneered by Linrad and Flex Radio in the PowerSDR software.

 
There is amazing development going on now with better hardware becoming available for the RF front ends to radios and with much faster computing equipment becoming inexpensive enough for all to afford. SDR is really mainstream now. It should continue to be highlighted as it is here that lots of amateur radio’s most exciting action is occurring. 

John Kanzius, K3TUP, had an idea - killing cancer cells with radio waves.  This had been tried before with poor results.  John’s experience in ham radio had taught him that radio energy (RF) can heat objects.  But his idea went further. What if the cancer cells were tricked into taking a metal target inside just the tumor cells?   John was aware of "nanoparticles."  If the tumor cells, and ONLY the tumor cells,  could be made to take in these metallic bits, and if they could then be heated up with RF, would that kill off the tumor or the patient?   Recent university animal testing gave the answer - the tumor was destroyed.  Now researchers are following John’s lead in exploring a host of life-saving applications.

13.56 MHz as a Cancer Cure?  It just might be! 

From QST - a magazine of the ARRL, the national association for Amateur Radio in the US 

In the past months there has been a lot of publicity about John Kanzius and a possible method of destroying cancerous tumors in humans using RF energy and nanoparticles.  Animal tests look very good and human testing is on the fast track.  But who is this and how does radio fit in? 

John Kanzius is a ham, K3TUP, and a cancer survivor.  He loves to build what he calls "exotic antennas" at his station.  Stacked rotating beams or a rotating tower with multiple beams was a common K3TUP antenna farm.   According to John, many well known contesters won world wide contests from his Western Pennsylvania site as guest op's.

John also is a broadcast engineer who acquired ownership of several radio and TV stations, then sold them as a group and retired to a life of leisure on Sanibel Island - or so he thought.   That dream was destroyed in 2002 when he was diagnosed with leukemia.

In between trips to the doctors, he saw the devastation cancers have on human beings and the horrors of chemotherapy's side effects.  Despite the advances in pharmacology and surgery, "cancer" was still a terrifying word.  The slow downward spiral that engulfed many lives, let alone his own situation, was summarized by John as, "…hoping we kill the cancer before we kill the person."

In October 2003 John had an idea - kill cancer cells with radio waves.  As every ham knows, radio energy (RF) can heat objects.  This was not a new idea and had been tried before with poor results.  Previous attempts, called "ablation," used needles inserted into the patient as the targets for the RF energy.  The energy would heat up the needles and cook the tissue surrounding the needle.  The problem was that it (a) used needles and (b) cooked everything, both good and bad cells.  But John's idea went further - and this is where the inspiration came.  What if, instead of needles, the cancer cells were tricked into taking a metal target inside just the tumor cells?  

Like many of us who have great ideas in the middle of the night, it sounded good to him.  But unlike most of us, he did not wait until morning.  Rather than run the risk of losing the concept in his sleep, John immediately got up in the dark and began work on possible antenna designs by cutting up his wife's pie pans. Hearing the strange noises in the night his wife, Marianne, investigated.  "What the hell are you doing?"  

John’s first attempts used copper sulfate, and his first “patient” was a hot dog.  But it worked and gave him the confidence to start asking questions of doctors in the field.  The next steps were to interest scientific researchers in the concept, build a special transmitter that could safely focus the RF energy, test it out on real tumors, find ways to trick cancerous cells into absorbing the RF target and see if it really was "too good to be true."

A much better RF target was presented in 2005 when his own personal doctor brought him into contact with Dr. Steven Curley, M.D., a professor at the M.D. Anderson Department of Surgical Oncology at the University of Texas.  Dr. Curley found the process promising and brought a present – “nanoparticles.”

Nanoparticles are incredibly small objects, usually metallic, measured in billionths of an inch.  If the tumor cells could be made to take these particles internally, and if they could then be heated up with RF, would that kill off the tumor or the patient?

John built a special RF generator for the project.  As John says, "Trying to build an array that would heat particles one billionth of a meter in length was challenging.  But building equipment all of my life was inspired by my dad, W3NRE, who was licensed in 1934."

As for attracting serious researchers, John got the interest of Dr. David Geller, a co-director at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center in their liver cancer program. 

Dr. Curley knew they were on to a major event in medicine.  "We could target specific abnormal proteins, put a polar charge on the nanoparticles and use magnets to focus them on those areas of the tumor." 

 Dr. Richard Smalley (SK), a Nobel laureate and also a cancer victim, was Rice University's expert in nanoparticles and especially "fullerenes," which are made of carbon and include tube shaped particles called "nanotubes."  When Dr. Curley first reported to Dr. Smalley that he actually had seen carbon nanoparticles get very hot when in the beam of John's RF generator, Smalley is reported to have grasped the importance immediately and exclaimed, "Holy God!" 

John is more modest about it and simply writes, "The research scientists at Rice were stunned to see that my device could heat nanoparticles at the 13.56 MHz frequency."

Dr. Smalley spent the rest of his working days on the project because he believed that this is indeed the breakthrough that had been hoped for by so many millions.  Dr. Boris Yakobson, Ph.D., continues the work at Rice.   

The rabbit didn’t die

Initial animal testing done at Rice University used rabbits.  Being careful that all scientific methods were complete with several control groups, a solution containing carbon nanotubes was injected into cancerous tumors in rabbits.  The rabbits had either pancreatic cancer or liver cancers.  Four rabbits were the primary test animals for the experiment.  After the injection, they were put into the special RF field created by John's RF generator for two minutes.   48 hours later the results were checked.  The tumors in all four had been destroyed by heat, but there was very little damage to neighboring tissues as close as 2-5 mm away.

Science is an exacting discipline.  Every aspect of a clinical trial, let alone a revolutionary finding like this one, must withstand extensive peer review and be published for others to test and duplicate.  In September 2007 John learned that the paper he co-authored¹ had been accepted and would be printed in no less than Cancer, a major oncology medical journal published on behalf of the American Cancer Society in December. 

The Future

Unfortunately, even though in vivo animal tests and human cancer cells on Petri dishes have been destroyed by this method and the technology is on "fast track," actual experiments with living human cancer victims still may be three years away.  Meanwhile he has been bombarded with offers and people wanting to make a deal for his invention. 

Work continues to progress on the procedure at the world's largest cancer research center.  John wisely patented his RF generator and formed Therm Med, LLC.  He now has his RF generators being made in a factory, so his wife's pie pans are safe again.  John is obviously optimistic about it all and credits his Amateur Radio experiences as a fundamental part of the invention process.

"If it were not for my ham radio and all the days of experimentation to improve my station, this new procedure for treating cancer, which continues to show such promising results, would probably not be on the cutting edge at the largest cancer center in the world."

In the past months others have also become excited as positive results pile up.  

###

Carbon nanotube-enhanced thermal destruction of cancer cells in a noninvasive radiofrequency field

While the full scientific paper is quite complex, here’s a brief “translation.”

John Kanzius, K3TUP, invented the experimental radiofrequency generator and the concept of using it with nanoparticles serving as targets for RF to “cook” tumor cells internally.  John is a cancer survivor, active ham and former radio station owner whose knowledge of the potential effects of targeted radio waves triggered his search for alternatives to chemotherapy.

There have been past attempts to treat cancers and related tumors using RF energy.   Most of these past attempts involved inserting needles into the tumors and using RF to heat the needles which then killed any cells in proximity to the needle, both good and bad. 

The excitement in John Kanzius’ work is the demonstrated ability to target the RF energy to specific locations by use of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes that release heat energy in an RF field.  SWNT’s are incredibly small cylinders with walls one atom thick.  Using water-soluble SWNT’s and injecting them into the tumor, the nanotubes are taken up by the tumor cells.  Then, using a 13.56 MHz RF field and between 400 and 1000 watts, researchers were able to heat the nanotubes, killing the tumor cells while not harming normal cells. 

The RF generator is connected to a high Q coupling system with transmitter and receiver heads which can be swiveled as needed to orient the RF direction.  The distance between the Tx and Rx heads is adjustable which changes the field size, shape and density.  They usually use an RF field diameter of about 30 cm.

The animal studies that have been completed used carbon SWNT’s injected into rabbit tumors.  The results were that there was “total cell necrosis of the tumors” while the animals has no side effects.   Current research is looking into ways to use gold SWNT’s coupled to other chemical agents that will only be absorbed by cancerous cells, allowing many more delivery options.  There are several agents possible for this and hopes are high that it can be done.

Hams will note that the nanotubes are very small.  The carbon ones are about 20 nm (that’s 20 billionths of a meter) and the new gold ones are only 3-5 nm.  Meanwhile the wavelength of 13.56 MHz is even longer than our 20 meter band.  John reports that he has devices on multiple frequencies of 13.56 MHz. and chose that because it and it's harmonics are industrial assigned frequencies by the FCC. He was assured not to be interfering with other services and his preliminary tests showed the human body to be transparent to that frequency.

There are currently several theories for the resonance of the nanotubes despite the disparity between size and wavelength.  The most supported one is that in an RF field the nanotubes organize themselves in some way, much like iron filings in a magnetic field.  They form chains which hit upon a frequency multiple and achieve resonance and heat up - In short, a “self-assembling antenna!”

The next steps are human studies and using agents that will deliver the nanotubes to tumor cells but not healthy cells.   For this step they will shift to the use of gold nanotubes instead of carbon because gold nanotubes have already been approved by the FDA for human use.  All in all, if it proves out, this could be an easy golden pill to swallow and sure beats chemotherapy!  

###

1   The primary scientific paper, Carbon nanotube-enhanced thermal destruction of cancer cells in a noninvasive radiofrequency field, was published online on October 24, 2007 and copyrighted by The American Cancer Society.  It is to appear in the December issue of their Cancer magazine.  It was written by:

Christopher J. Gannon, M.D.  (University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center)

Paul Cherukuri, Ph.D. (University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center)

Boris Yakobson, Ph.D. (Rice University, Dept of Chemistry)

Laurent Cognet, Ph.D.  (Rice University, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology)

John S. Kanzius, K3TUP

Carter Kittrell, Ph.D. (Rice University, Carbon Nanotechnology Laboratory)

R. Bruce Weisman, Ph.D. (Rice University, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology)

Matteo Pasquali, Ph.D. (Rice University, Carbon Nanotechnology Laboratory)

Howard K. Schmidt, Ph.D. (Rice University, Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology)

Richard E. Smalley, Ph.D. (Rice University, Carbon Nanotechnology Laboratory)

Amateur Radio on the International Space Station

Ham Radio on the ISS, NASA

When astronauts, cosmonauts and mission specialists from many nations fly on the international space station, they will have amateur, or ham, radio as a constant companion. Since its first flight in 1983, ham radio has flown on more than two-dozen space shuttle missions. Dozens of astronauts have used the Space Shuttle Amateur Radio Experiment, or SAREX, to talk to thousands of kids in school and to their families on Earth while they were in orbit. They have pioneered space radio experimentation, including television and text messaging as well as voice communication. The Russians have had a similar program for the cosmonauts aboard the Russian Space Station Mir. When U.S. astronauts were aboard Mir in preparation for the long duration missions of the international space station, they used amateur radio for communication, including emergency messaging while Mir was in distress. As human space flight moves into a new uncharted era, an organization called ARISS, which stands for Amateur Radio on international space station, has been formed to design, build and operate equipment. In 1996, delegates from major national radio organizations and from AMSAT, which stands for the Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation, in eight nations involved with the international space station signed a Memorandum of Understanding to form ARISS. NASA and the Russian space organization Energia have signed agreements that spell out the place of amateur radio on the station. A technical team, called ISS Ham, has been officially established to serve as the interface to support hardware development, crew training and on-orbit operations. In the United States, the American Radio Relay League, which is also known as ARRL, and AMSAT provide leadership and consultation. They also donate and build hardware as well as making sure safety and qualification tests are successfully completed so the equipment can fly. The Russians have provided ports so that antennas can be mounted on the station's Zvezda Service Module -- the space station unit that provides living quarters for the astronauts and cosmonauts. United States and Russian teams have trained the astronauts and cosmonauts to operate the equipment. The Italian team has designed and built antennas. The German team has built sophisticated repeater stations that will allow crews to make recorded reports on their daily activities and permit hams on Earth better contacts with men and women aboard the station. The first initial radio station was flown onboard the space shuttle Atlantis on STS-106. The crew transferred the ham radio gear into the space station for future use by the Expedition One crew. The astronauts and cosmonauts will work hard on these missions, but they plan to take some time off for educational outreach contacts with schools. NASA's Division of Education is a major supporter of the amateur radio activity. The sponsoring agencies have stated that they consider access to a ham radio system a requirement for psychological support of the crews, by providing family and general contacts for people who will be in space many weeks at a time. As the international space station takes its place in the heavens, the amateur radio community is prepared to do its part by helping to enrich the experience of those visiting and living on the station.

spacecontact.mp3

SuitSat was an Amateur Radio installed inside a surplus Russian space suit and tossed out into space.  It became an independently orbiting ham radio satellite deployed by the crew of the International Space Station.  It was so much fun, hams plan to do it again!  

Do you want to be part of the international network of ground stations that help support Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS) operations? ARISS is looking to add numerous ground stations capable of relaying ISS amateur radio sessions with schools and also serve as back up communications relays should they be needed. If you are already a licensed Amateur Radio Operator and would like to be considered for selection as one of the new ARISS telebridge stations, then send an email with details about your station and contact information to ARISS-telebridge@amsat.org.  Frank Bauer, KA3HDO
ARISS International Chairman,  AMSAT V.P. for Human Spaceflight Programs 

LTE is the next generation mobile wireless broadband technology that enables operators to offer wireless broadband services at affordable costs and at the same time provide better performance and capacity when compared to the current 3G wireless networks.

In fact NXP Semiconductors demonstrated the world’s first multi-mode baseband platform which forms the basis of a next-generation software defined radio (SDR) system solution at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona in January 2008. Powered by NXP’s Embedded Vector Processor (EVP), a powerful new chip, the solution is capable of achieving data transfer rates of 150 Mbits downlink and 50 Mbits uplink. How exactly does this quick transfer of data take place? “A key aspect of LTE is its simplified network architecture and the use of new techniques to get high volumes of data through a mobile network. This allows many of the network elements involved in the transport of data between an operators’ base stations and its core network in current cellular systems to be removed. This helps reduce latency (that is the time data takes to travel within a network). Because the number of elements in the transfer of data is reduced, it helps to significantly reduce cost, since fewer pieces of network equipment are needed to achieve the same results”.

“One of the tricks deployed to simplify the network architecture is to make the hardware do some of the functions which the software does. This helps in saving a lot of space,”. One of the advantages of this is that the battery life of gadgets like mobiles and notebooks would be extended almost 2 to 3 times approximately.

While high-speed data transfer is just one of the features, “There will be more spectral efficiency in LTE and the costs will be considerably low. The response time is reduced considerably.” “Another important feature of LTE is the amount of flexibility it allows operators in determining the spectrum in which it will be deployed. Not only will LTE have the ability to operate in a number of different frequency bands (which means that operators will be able to deploy it at lower frequencies), but it also features scalable bandwidth” .These features will offer operators a lot of performance enhancements over 3G, with a target of two to four times the spectral efficiency of 3G/HSPA networks. This means that LTE networks will be able to squeeze in more bits of data into the same amount of spectrum as 3G and HSPA networks.

The evolution to LTE appears very attractive to operators because of the reduced capital and operating expenditures it requires over previous 3G networks. Besides this, another factor which adds appeal to operators is the fact that this technology is an upgrade of 3G. “This means that the operators do not have to begin from the start if they want to switch over to LTE”. “Existing network resources are reused wherever possible”.

Companies like Nokia Siemens Networks have an added advantage as far as this technology go.  The LTE technology is still in the nascent stages of evolution. “The LTE standards have just been formatted.” The advantages of LTE are that there will be more spectral efficiency and the operational costs will be very low. “This technological breakthrough is targeted not only at the handset market, but will also be optimized for laptops, internet tablets and the latest ultra-mobile PCs.

“The advantage here is that all applications like broadband, VoIP, videos, music downloads and movies on demands can be downloaded through PCs.

All eyes are on Japan, the global leaders in technology. In fact, Nokia Siemens Networks has agreed to set up an LTE base station on the request made by Japan’s biggest mobile operator NTT DoCoMo for its Super 3G (LTE) Base Station project.

Nokia Siemens Networks, with its flat architecture networks, will provide a smooth migration path for operators to LTE. They were the first to demonstrate LTE technology in 2006 with data speeds in the 160Mb/s range.

But why do we need LTE? “Like hunger the demand for better efficiency and higher speeds can never be satiated.” Companies are raring to cash in on the ‘wow’ factor this will create.

Äffle und Pferdle - Der Hafer- und Bananenblues

Wer schwäbelnderweise mitsingen möchte:

Hafer- und Bananenblues

Äffle:

Das isch der Bananenblues, das isch der Bananenblues,
der Himmel hängt voller Bananen bloß
Bananen, das ischt, was man haben muss -
Denn ohne ischt man ganz und gar
aufgeschmissen, das ischt affenklar -
das ischt der Bananenblues!

Pferdle:

Das ischt der Haferblues, ja, das ischt der Haferblues,
der Super-Doppelzentner-Haferblues,
Hafer, das ischt, was man haben muss,
er macht das Traben trabenswert -
ohne ischt man nur ein halbes Pferd!
Das ischt der Haferblues!

Äffle:

Das ischt der Bananenblues!

Pferdle:

Das ischt der Haferblues!

Beide:

Das ischt der Bananen-Hafer-Blues!
Das ischt der Hafer- und Bananen-Blues!

Pferdle:

Bananen braucht ein jeder Aff'

Äffle:

Jedes Pferd ischt ohne Hafer schlaff

Beide:

Das ischt der Hafer- und Bananenblues!

Mehr über das schwäbische Dream Team findet sich auf diesen Seiten! Und danke für den Text : )

Ericsson's hesitation in the past to acknowlede the importance of SDR does not come as a surprise. Having operators upgrade with a simple software upgrade rather than pay for a hardware replacement cannibalizes their own revenue stream.

Another interesting announcement has been the entry of Picochip in the macro base station market. They are now offering a LTE base station development platform that supposedly was already in use by WiMAX base station developers. I have always been a firm believer in the harmony of LTE and WiMAX, courtesy OFDM, and that has now been proven commercially. More importantly the Picochip entry heralds a new phase in the mobile infrastructure market that has always been controlled by the 'big boys' (a.k.a the Ericsson's, Nokia's, Alcatel's). Similar to the WiMAX ecosystem, LTE allows for smaller players like Picochip to make an impact in the food chain. This is because the Picochip platform allows Tier 2/3 base station vendors (including WiMAX base station vendors) to compete with the 'big boys' in the 'cellular' base station market. Arun Sarin's recent call at MWC to forge a compromise between the 'WiMAX' and 'LTE' camps somehow is again a reflection of what this industry is having to contend with.

In my opinion the Ericsson RBS 6000, Huawei 4th generation BTS, ZTE ZXGW B8036 SDR multimode platforms are still far away from what a perfect Multiprotocol Multiband (MPMB)/multimode base station should be. This is because in order to add LTE or WiMAX functionality, there is an additional need for antenna elements and RF heads. Ericsson has acknowledged that they still are following the modular approach when it comes to the RF module, which essentially means that there are extra hardware costs. This does not qualify as a 'true' SDR base station, in my opinion.

Also, the bigger question that still needs to be answered is how will the Ericsson's, Alcatel-Lucent's, Nokia-Siemens' of this world adapt to a business model that revolves around software upgrades rather than complete hardware replacement?

Nevertheless, for now the good news is that LTE and WiMAX are definitely key entry points for 'true' SDR in base stations. I have predicted the same in my latest SDR Base Station report. Having the biggest wireless infrastructure player Ericsson on the SDR bandwagon (although not quite expressively) is definitely a plus, but so is the entry of the outsider Picochip who represents the other 'end of the wagon' . They are essentially two sides of the same coin.

The Darwinian Analyst in me is quite excited by these developments at the start of 2008. How about you?

Au niveau des langages :

• Python pour l'interconnexion de haut niveau,
• C++ pour les routines de traitement du signal,
• Verilog pour la programmation du FPGA.

For those who do not know software defined radio, it basically allows any piece of wireless equipment, for example a mobile handset to reconfigure its frequencies, protocols and other functionalities using software code. The best analogy that I can use is a PC, where you have one piece of hardware that can run any type of software you want it too (And yes these days we can run Windows on Macs!) Typically wireless equipment consists of a software-hardware boundary, which separates the RF (radio frequency) interface from the baseband or signal processing part. The dream is to get rid of the boundary and have everything defined in software and run over any hardware. With SDR technologies such as 'Agile RF' we can dream of handsets that are not limited to a particular band of frequencies or protocols. This means I can have a handset that can operate on GSM, CDMA, WiFi, WiMAX or any other 4 letter acronym that is invented! For those who do not have a clue, it basically means that your phone has more choices in the network that it can connect to.

Of course there is much more to it than just the technology, for example the business models, the regulations, security, costs etc. This is why guys like me are in the business of providing 'informed analysis' on topics such as SDR. I have already talked about SDR and Open networks and I firmly believe that they go hand in hand.

Besides the point, there was a very nice presentation made by Fred Martin of Motorola Labs where he tried to combine the evolutionary theory of Darwin with technology adoption in the mobile market. The point that I found interesting was that for a technology (like SDR) to be adopted in the mainstream commercial world, in the evolutionary sense, there are two ways of going about it

1. Incremental shift (Natural selection): Have an incremental change in existing technology, in existing generations to lead to an improved evolved technology. The best features of a generation, in this case mobile handsets, survive and are passed onto the next generation. This also means that new features must compete against old and try and survive.

2. Disruptive shift (Sympatric Speciation): Birth of a new species, a new methodology, a new technology, which means completely changing the way we look at things. This means a leap year jump, not an incremental change.

Martin says that incremental change in the mobile world is tough. 'Big ships are hard to turn'. If you look back, the mobile ecosystem has been largely stable, without any major change or adaptation. However, as Martin used Bob Dylan's words, 'The Times They are A-Changin'.

The rate of adaptation of any species is proportional to the rate of change in the environment. However when the rate of change is faster than adaptation, the species becomes extinct (remember dinosaurs?). In the mobile world, change is occurring faster than the operators, vendors can adapt. Take the last year, Apple Iphone, Nokia Ovi, 700 MHz, Whitespace, Verizon open networks. Does this mean that mobiles will become extinct? In another parallel universe maybe.

There needs to be a drastic shift in the way mobiles are designed. iPhone was a starter, but only in the sense of the user interface. There needs to be a much more drastic shift in the way mobile phones are built. With multiple networks, it makes little sense to design mobile chipsets like a pack of sardines, with multiple waveform support using multiple antennas and multiple RF chains. It takes more time to design, is more expensive, is inefficient. Frequency agile RF is a starter, which will basically allow for a mobile to support multiple waveforms using the same antenna and a single RF chain. This would be the disruptive driver rather than an incremental driver. Darwin rules!

Phil has published today his SDR receiver, QS1R, price. From the discussion group:

• QS1R VERB (QS1RC): $799 + S&H
• VERB Enclosure (ENCL): $120
• Ultra Low Noise Encode Clock Option (ULNEC): $80

Enclosures will be available end of february but you can order them now at 75 USD.

From Europe, the dolar-euro exchange rate is quite good so the price seems convenient looking also to their characteristics and that the QS1R is fully assembled and tested. Price is slightly higher than the SDR-IQ from RFSPACE (499 USD) or the USRP, GNU Radio (700 USD).

Documentation is still lacking (I guess it will be in the next days with the order page). Software is available with any SVN client from the repository.

Available photo is from hardware revision B. The C revision (the one that actually will be shipped) will include a SD card for configuration.

The Truth is (That,) What You belive in (?)

the food chain of internationalism

13 chapters, one by
another and

2 appendixes presented
in 15 files

by

Joern E. Vig

Book Review

By Keld Rasmussen, M.Sc. in Engineering, Roskilde

Winston Churchill is rumoured to have said that he only relied on those statistics he himself had falsified. Take Macro Economics or National Economy - including Monetary and Taxation Policy - In the run-up to global government we'd do well to looking at seriously the implications behind the flippant joke of Churchill: 

If you want to be a hammer rather than an anvil you would be wise to trust yourself, use
sound common sense and judgement, think for yourself and certainly don't assume
anything as true you don't have direct knowledge of - especially not when
so-called experts wrap up simple issues in complicated concepts. 

But is it much worse. Even children, who have not yet internationalised these false
concepts will be ensnared as soon as they get to school. 

Especially in Denmark good people consider national debt, exchange rate changes and
taxational political tricks and other governmental economic initiatives to be
complicated indecipherable gibberish with a lot of weird inherent consequences.
Impossible to survey, to see through and to calculate - it is certainly not a
pursuit for ordinary mortals. Official projections and forecasts relating to
the economic theory have nearly disappeared from the scene, perhaps for a good
reason. 

The writer gives you some obvious proposals. 

Side by side with all kinds of manipulative or illusory ideologies, not least
"witchcraft", economics forms part of the treason against the blinded
mass of the populous.  

Joern E. Vig gives the reader the courage to think for himself. 

7 years in the Danish civil service gave the writer valuable experience behind the scenes.
He did not like what he saw. After publishing two books on Business Management
he taught for 12 years at the Copenhagen Business School and at the Aarhus
School of Business. Now he is a freelance writer and consultant. He is an advisor
on EDP, on financial and on statistical issues. 

Joern E. Vig has chosen to explain that part of history concerned with the creation of
the black-art of economics, and relates this to the fact that too many
individuals seem to spend their lives unfulfilled from the beginning of their
school days. Can these two subjects be related? They are closely related in a
web of intrigue that our rulers do not want you to know about. If you know you
might be free.
 

Table
of Contents

Preface

Introduction

Chapter 1

Internationalism
is not just moonshine........................

The biggest lies I was told - Nearly one third of your income tax is used to pay interest in Denmark -The national debt problem and dependence - State-Paper-Debt and Loan-Debt – Impersonal humanity becomes blunted hypocracy

Chapter 2

The Inter-War Period.........................

Professor L. V. Birck XE "L. V. Birck"  made a historical, national debt review for Europe in 1925 - New international system of trade, clearing and of national debt - Gold and Gold Standard – A thesis of Arne Rasmussen - Inflation, national debt and dependence (for 7th school class) - Stabilizing foundations of clearing - Bilateral clearing - Bretton Woods XE "Bretton Woods"  negotiations - Henry Morgenthau XE "Henry Morgenthau"  Jr.,
John M. Keynes, Harry D. White -The British and the American system-proposals -
United money - Norwegian criticism from the exil-address in London.

Chapter 3

Joint Statement by Experts...........................

A peculiar system for making more national debt – New Economics in thirties - What will the EURO XE "EURO"  mean.

Chapter 4

The final crash and The New World Order XE "New World Order" .......

The system development after the war - The late warnings from Robert